Iti Fabvssa is currently running a series that covers the span
of Oklahoma Choctaw history. By examining each
decade since the Choctaw government arrived in our new homelands
using Choctaw-created documents, we
will get a better understanding of Choctaw ancestors experiences
and how they made decisions that have led
us into the present. This month, we will cover 1880-1890, an era
in which Choctaw Nation worked to maintain
sovereignty in the face of the growing influence of non-Choctaws
living within the Choctaw Nation.
Throughout the 1880s, the Choctaw Nation faced increasing
challenges to upholding our own laws within our
lands. Due to the growth of the railroad and mining industries,
the non-Choctaw population soon
outnumbered Choctaw citizens. This put more pressure on the Choctaw
government to innovate new ways to
protect their lands. In 1875, Chief Coleman Cole signed into law
the office of the National Agent, who would
act as agent for the sale of timber, stone and stone coal,
to any railroad company for the construction and
repairing of said railroad, within the limits of the nation.
Such an individual would help prevent people from
going into Choctaw lands on their own and taking all the resources
from the community. Choctaw leaders
wanted to be sure there was a balance of industrial development
and enough resources for the people.
The non-Choctaw citizen population within the Choctaw Nation grew
rapidly with the expansion of the
railroad and the mining industries. Since the Choctaw Nation wanted
to use these industries as modes of
economic development, Choctaw officials faced the challenging task
of balancing the influx of migrant workers
for the coal mines while still managing intruders that did not have
permits to be on Choctaw lands. This made
the existing permit system more important than ever. In this system,
all non-Choctaw citizens were required
to hold a permit to live and work within the boundaries of the Choctaw
Nation. By this time, miners were the
most common workers coming to Choctaw Territory. Mining companies,
which were often owned and
operated by railroad companies, paid 25 cents per individual per
month. This permit fee was usually deducted
from each miners monthly earnings. When miners went on strike
in an effort to gain better safety conditions
for themselves, mining companies used the Choctaw permit requirement
against the miners by stopping the
permit payment of striking individuals. By stopping those payments,
striking miners were deemed to be
intruders to Choctaw Nation and could be removed. To ensure people
followed Choctaw laws, Choctaw Nation
continued to rely on their Lighthorsemen, the law enforcement in
the Nation.
In 1824, General Council passed a law establishing the Lighthorsemen
in the homelands. After removal,
Choctaws used Lighthorsemen to maintain the law and manage the courts.
But Lighthorsemen could only
enforce laws regarding Choctaw citizens. Non-Choctaws were handled
by the U.S. government. If a nonChoctaw broke a Choctaw law, a U.S.
agent would have to come and arrest them. But because of the distance
between Choctaw Territory and Arkansas, where U.S. agents were based,
the journey took a long time and
sometimes US agents would not come at all.
Toward the end of this decade, allotment loomed as a threat to
the Choctaw Nation. In 1887, Congress passed
the General Allotment Act. Also known as the Dawes Act, the law
was developed by Senator Henry L. Dawes.
This law would divide up all Indian nations lands and force
individuals to become private property owners. By
owning land as private property, this would assimilate Choctaws
and other Indigenous people into the U.S.
political-economic system and make it easier for non-Natives to
take their land. Allotment increasingly
became an issue that divided Choctaws. By dividing up land, it would
fundamentally disrupt the Choctaw way
of life and their form of government. This was part of the very
design of the program. For the U.S.
government, which increasingly no longer wanted to deal with Indigenous
nations but still wanted their lands,
allotment would destroy the tribal way of life. Traditional
Choctaws often opposed allotment precisely
because it would disrupt Choctaw laws and governance. Choctaws who
were familiar with American culture
and/or had a business oriented mindset were often pro-allotment.
They often saw allotment as an
opportunity to advance their own personal riches. Fortunately for
Choctaws and the other Five Tribes, the
General Allotment Act did not apply to them. Because of the foresight
of their leaders during removal, the Five
Tribes treaties prevented the application of allotment to
their territories. But this did not stop the threat of
allotment altogether. Congress, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs,
and individual settlers pushed for Choctaw
and other Five Tribes lands to be allotted, and the negotiations
became a defining feature of the 1890-1900
decade that we will discuss in next months Iti Fabvssa.
Next month, we will cover the period of 1890-1900 when the Dawes
Commission went to Indian Territory to
negotiate the possibility of allotment with Choctaw leaders and
the results of the allotment process which
included the Atoka Agreement and the Curtis Act.
Additional reading resources on this period are available on the
Choctaw
Nation Cultural Service webpage
(https:// choctawnationculture.com/choctaw-culture/additional-resources.aspx).
Follow along with this Iti
Fabvssa series in print and online at https://www.
choctawnation.com/history-culture/ history/iti-fabvssa. If
you have questions or would like more information on the sources,
please contact Megan Baker at
meganb@choctawnation.com.
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Four members of the Choctaw
Lighthorsemen, circa 1928. Seated left to right are Ellis
Austin and Stanley Benton. Standing on the left is Peter Conser.
Box 1, Otis Leader Collection, Oklahoma Historical Society
Research Division.
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