Deedee Lerat attended the Marieval Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan, Canada, where 751 unmarked graves were recently discovered. "I would be too scared to even ask to pee," she says, "because you didn't want to draw attention to yourself." The grass in her portrait is from where the school once stood.

It’s been 51 years since Deedee Lerat, 60, attended the Marieval Indian Residential School on her home reservation of Cowessess in Saskatchewan, Canada. But the memories of the abuses the Salteaux Cree woman endured there still haunt her. “There was so much fear,” she says.

The fear came rushing back when the Cowessess First Nation announced on June 23 that it had discovered 751 unmarked graves at the site of the school. “I would like answers,” says Lerat. “Why weren’t they reported? Why wasn’t this stopped?” She was five years old when she was forced to attend Marieval. “That could’ve been me.”

The village of Lebret, Saskatchewan was home to the Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School, one of many sites of severe physical, sexual, and psychological abuse inflicted on young First Nations, Metis, and Inuit children who were taken from their communities during the residential school era. While most of the original school structures have been demolished, one building remains visible on the far right side of the photo.

The discovery at Marieval is the latest in a grim tally of newly revealed burial sites at Canada’s Indian Residential Schools. In late May, the Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation near Kamloops, British Columbia, said they’d located the remains of 215 children using ground-penetrating radar at the former Kamloops Indian Residential School. In the weeks following, several other First Nations communities made similar discoveries.

“The news that hundreds of unmarked graves have been found in Cowessess First Nation is absolutely tragic, but not surprising,” Perry Bellegarde, national chief of the Assembly of First Nations, wrote in a post on Twitter. More than 150,000 Indigenous children attended Canada’s residential schools, which were created in the 1880s to assimilate Indigenous children into the dominant culture. The result amounted to cultural genocide, as documented by the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which issued its final report in 2015.

A statue showing Father Joseph Hugonard, founder of the Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School, was taken down on June 21, 2021. The statue depicts two young Indigenous children wearing Indigenous clothing and sporting long hair—two things that would have been forbidden while they were students at Qu'Appelle.

Although the last federally run school closed in 1996, the painful legacy of the schools continues today, with generations of Canada’s First Nations still wrestling with their experiences and those of their elders. “We didn’t know how to cope so we internalized all that trauma and passed it on,” former Marieval student Marcel Ellery told National Geographic Society Explorer Daniella Zalcman, whose photography project “Signs of Your Identity” explores the effects of this forced assimilation.

Attendance at the state schools, the majority of which were run by the Catholic Church as well as other Christian churches, was compulsory. Children as young as three were removed from their parents by police and taken to residential buildings to live in unsanitary conditions. Most lived there until they were 18.

Rampant neglect and abuse were common. “I was so scared all the time. I remember thinking, ‘don't be noticed,’ because I saw what they did to the kids that were noticed,” said Lerat, who suffered physical, emotional, and verbal abuse at Marieval. “Whoever was killing them thought they were nothing … just little savages.”

Marcel Ellery attended Marieval Indian Residential School from 1987 to 1990. He ran away 27 times, scaling fences like the one in his portrait, but he was always caught. “When I got out, I turned to booze because of the abuse," he says. "Ending up in jail was easy, because I’d already been there.”

Selina Brittain attended the Marieval Indian Residential School from 1954 to 1962. “I believe that they thought they were teaching us," she says. "I believe that they thought that assimilating us into their way of life would help us. But they changed us into something we weren’t—and there was nothing wrong with our way of life before. That’s what they still don’t understand.” The background of her photo shows the Qu'appelle River, which bordered the school.

Students' long hair was cut, and they were disciplined for speaking their mother tongue. “Cree is my identity,” Ellery told Zalcman. “How was I supposed to stop speaking it?”

Some survivors were given numbers in place of their names. Six of the schools conducted nutritional experiments on Indigenous children in the 1940s; some died of starvation. The notorious St. Anne’s residential school in northern Ontario built an electric chair to punish Indigenous students.

Sometimes children ran away but very few made it home. Ellery tried to escape 27 times but was always caught. Others died in the extremities of the wilderness, often frozen or drowned.

The Gordon Indian Residential School was the last federally run school to close, in 1996. A memorial marks where the school once stood in Punnichy, Saskatchewan.

Most original residential school buildings have been destroyed but the Muskowekwan Indian Residential School still stands, although it is largely in ruins.

The TRC has identified over 4,100 children who died of disease or accident at the schools but admits that the number of undocumented deaths may never be known. After numerous survivors testified to the commission about the disappearance of classmates, being forced to dig graves or witnessing murder and coverups, the TRC petitioned the federal government for funds to investigate the whereabouts of lost children. The request was turned down, and First Nations began funding their own searches for their missing children, which resulted in the recent discoveries.

The wounds from more than a century of harm are still open. At least four Catholic churches located on reserves in British Colombia’s interior have been burned to the ground in the last few weeks. Several major cities have cancelled planned Canada Day celebrations on July 1 in solidarity with mourning Indigenous communities.

The cemetery is all that remains of the Regina Indian Industrial School.

Janet Dufour attended the Marieval Indian Residential School from 1952 to 1960. “A priest molested me because I was ugly and shy and I think he picked the most vulnerable of us," she says. "To this day, I don’t like fall because it brings back that ugly feeling, that terror of having to go back.” Railroad tracks lie in the background of her portrait because she dreamed of running away to the city.

"The hurt and the trauma that you feel is Canada's responsibility to bear," Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said in a recent statement. The Canadian government apologized to survivors in 2008 and 28,000 victims have received reparations. In 2015 the federal government hired 17 investigative firms to track down people accused of abuse at the schools and found 5,315 alleged perpetrators.

Yet survivors and their families still bear much of the pain of their experiences on their own. Lerat, a mother of six, has struggled with sexual exploitation, homelessness, addictions, and trauma. Over the years she’s attended traditional ceremonies, therapy, church, and healing circles in her quest to recover. But 10 years ago, her oldest son died of a prescription drug overdose, and she relapsed after eight years of being sober. Since then, it’s been a battle to cope. “I still struggle with drugs,” she says. “But I just gotta learn to walk with the grief and not in the grief.”

A circle of Dene elders say a prayer together in Beauval, Saskatchewan, on the morning of one of the final Truth and Reconciliation Commission listening sessions in Canada. Survivors gathered for several days to share stories and testimonies of their time as students at Beauval Indian Residential School, which operated from 1895 to 1983.

The news of the children’s remains makes it even harder, but she finds solace in the thought that the lost children’s spirits have finally been released.

“My daughter was crying,” she says. “I told her, ‘Don’t cry. They’re set free. They’re not stuck there anymore.’”